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The alar ligament restrains excessive axial rotation and lateral flexion and can be damaged in a whiplash-type injury. When this occurs, the damage is typically to the ends of the alar ligament. This tearing of…
It is well known that Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD) caused by a motor vehicle collision, can produce a strain or sprain to neck muscles, ligaments and joints. It is also known that collision related forces…